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Purpose: To determine the correlation between serum inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers of patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME). Methods: Serum samples were obtained from 100 diabetic patients. Patients were divided into three groups: group 1 (patients with no DR, n = 27), group 2 (DR with DME, n = 34), and group 3 (DR without DME, n = 39). Serum concentrations of C?reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin?6 (IL?6) were measured by quantitative turbidimetric immunoassay and sandwich chemiluminescence immunoassay, respectively. Metabolic parameters such as glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol, low?density lipoprotein (LDL), high?density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG), serum creatinine, and blood urea were determined by automated analyzer om?360 after standardization. Results: The levels of IL?6 and CRP differed significantly in patients with DR and without DR (P < 0.001 and P = 0.045, respectively). We also found a positive correlation between IL?6 and CRP with the severity of DR. When DR patients with DME were compared to patients without DME, only IL?6 was observed to be significantly elevated (P < 0.001). None of the metabolic markers correlated significantly with DR and DME. Conclusion: Significantly raised levels of serum inflammatory biomarkers can be used to elucidate the significant role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of DR. Therefore, circulating biomarkers can serve as diagnostic and therapeutic predictors for monitoring the onset and progression of DR and DME.
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Background: Vision impairment is a significant problem in our country. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the causes and to record the demographic profile of patients with low vision. Material & Methods: After taking permission from ethical committee, the study was conducted on 250 patients presenting in low vision clinic of Regional Institute of Ophthalmology punjab in north India .A detailed examination and information regarding the demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients were recorded .the visual acuity of all the patients were determined using Snellen chart followed by anterior and posterior segment examination using a slit-lamp bio microscope and direct and /or indirect ophthalmoscope.Refraction was done in all the subjects and Best corrected visual acuity was recorded. Their demographic and clinical profile were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Majority of the patients presenting with low vision were found to be above 56 years of age with higher prevalence in rural (54.40%) than in urban (45.60%) population. Male (65.60%)were predominant than females(34.40%) .Major etiological causes were Diabetic retinopathy 76 (30 .40%) followed by Pathological Myopia (21.20%), ARMD (14.80%), Retinitis pigmentosa (6.80%) and Glaucoma (6.00%). Conclusion: Diabetic retinopathy and pathological myopia were the predominant causes of low vision. Patients from rural background were more affected than urban areas.
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Purpose: To evaluate and correlate corneal endothelium parameters with the severity of primary glaucoma. Methods: This prospective case?control study was conducted on 150 eyes of 80 newly diagnosed primary open?angle glaucoma (POAG), chronic primary angle?closure glaucoma (cPACG), and normal?tension glaucoma (NTG) patients in a tertiary care center. Endothelial parameters including endothelial cell count (ECC), percentage of hexagonal cells, and coefficient of variation of cell size were analyzed. Glaucoma cases were further sub?grouped into early, moderate, and severe glaucoma and compared for endothelial parameters. Chi?square, Fischer’s exact test, independent sample t?test, and analysis of variance were performed using IBM® SPSS® Statistics version 28. Results: The ECC was markedly reduced in cases (2281 cells/mm2) versus controls (2611 cells/mm2) (P < 0.001). The POAG (2251 cells/mm2) and cPACG (2287 cells/mm2) eyes had significantly a lower ECC compared to healthy controls (P < 0.001), whereas NTG eyes had a lower mean ECC (2538 cells/mm2), but it was not statistically significant (P > 0.05) when compared with controls. The ECC decreased with an increase in severity as patients with early glaucoma had an ECC of 2284 cells/mm2, moderate 2261 cells/mm2, and severe 2086 cells/mm2, and the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion: A significant decrease in corneal ECC was observed in POAG and cPACG patients when compared with healthy controls of the same age group. Mechanical damage following an elevated intra?ocular pressure for a longer duration may be attributed to morphological and consequent functional damage to endothelial cells.
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Background: To determine timing of strabismus surgery, is it better to do strabismus surgery before completion of Amblyopia therapy or after completion of amblyopia therapy. Methods: 40 children were taken for this study. These children were divided into two groups of 20 each. Amblyopia was fully treated in group A and in group B children underwent surgery before full treatment of amblyopia in the form of occlusion therapy. Motor success (10 PD of orthophoria) was assessed after three months of surgery and at the child’s most recent visit. Sensory success was assessed by comparing the frequency of detectable stereoacuity. Results: There was no significant difference in motor success (65% vs 80%) and sensory success (65% vs 75%) whether amblyopia was fully treated or partially treated. Conclusion: It is not mandatory to treat ambloypia prior to surgery and amblyopia therapy can be continued post operatively.
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Laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) is a standard prophylactic procedure for primary angle closure suspect (PACS) This prospective interventional study was done on 60 randomly selected PACS to evaluate the effect of LPI on anterior chamber parameters (ACP) using pentacam and gonioscopy. Anterior chamber(AC) angle (ACA), AC depth(ACD), AC volume (ACV), central corneal thickness (CCT) and pupil diameter (PD) were estimated using pentacam whereas ACA grading was done by gonioscopy before and one month after LPI. The paired samples t-test was used to compare the difference in ACP while Wilcoxson signed- rank test was used to assess the ACA grading before and after LPI. ACA and ACV increased significantly (p=0.00) while the changes in ACD, CCT and PD were insignificant (p>0.05). Gonioscopy showed significant widening of the angle in four quandrants (p<0.001). Conclusion : Noninvasive pentacam can provide valuable information in assessing the efficacy of LPI.